Verrocchios Reiterstandbild des Bartolomeo Colleoni

Das Reiterstandbild des Bartolomeo Colleoni ist eine monumentale Bronzeplastik in Venedig. Die Skulptur zeigt den Condottiere auf einem Pferd in dynamischer Bewegung. Das Werk befindet sich auf dem Campo San Giovanni e Paolo. Die Höhe der Bronze beträgt 395 cm. Der Marmorsockel stammt von Pietro Lombardo.

Die Entstehung des Denkmals ist eng mit dem Testament des Bartolomeo Colleoni verknüpft. Er hinterließ im Jahr 1475 der Republik Venedig eine Stiftung von 100.000 Dukaten für die Errichtung eines Reiterstandbilds seiner Person. Der Modellauftrag an Andrea del Verrocchio erfolgte im Jahr 1481. Nach dem Tod Verrocchios im Jahr 1488 vollendete Alessandro Leopardi die Ausführung. Die formale Aufstellung des Denkmals fand am 21. März 1496 statt.

Auftrag und Datierung

Der Auftrag für das Standbild basiert auf den testamentarischen Bestimmungen Bartolomeo Colleonis aus dem Jahr 1475. Er stiftete der Republik Venedig die Summe von 100.000 Dukaten, um ein Denkmal zu finanzieren. Der Modellauftrag an Andrea del Verrocchio wurde im Jahr 1481 erteilt. Die Arbeit am Modell dauerte bis zum Tod des Künstlers im Jahr 1488 an.

Die Fertigstellung der Bronze erfolgte nach Verrocchios Ableben durch Alessandro Leopardi. Das Denkmal wurde schließlich am 21. März 1496 aufgestellt. Der Sockel, ein Werk von Pietro Lombardo, bildet die Basis der Komposition. Die vertikale Ausdehnung der Bronze misst 395 cm.

Skulptur, Hauptansicht
Bartolomeo Colleoni by Andrea del Verrocchio, Didier Descouens, Taken on 1 November 2016. Wikimedia Commons. Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 4.0.

Material und Werkstatt

Die Skulptur ist ein Wachsausschmelzguss in Bronze. Alessandro Leopardi führte den Guss in Venedig aus. Er gehörte zur Werkstattlinie der Bonanno-Familie. Verrocchio modellierte die plastischen Formen des Reiters und des Pferdes vorab in Ton oder Wachs. Leopardi übertrug diese Vorlagen auf das metallische Medium.

Ein Konflikt um die technische Umsetzung prägte die Entstehungsphase. Die Republik Venedig vertraute den Guss zunächst Vellano da Padova an. Dies geschah entgegen dem Willen des Künstlers. Giorgio Vasari beschreibt diesen Vorgang in seinem Werk Le vite (1568, Vita Verrocchios) als einen Streitpunkt, da Verrocchio den Guss explizit selbst oder nach seinen genauen Vorgaben kontrollieren wollte. Die endgültige Ausführung durch Leopardi löste diese Unstimmigkeit auf.

Beschreibung und Komposition

Das Standmotiv zeigt den Reiter in einer aufgerichteten Pose. Er hält einen Kommandostab in der Hand. Das Pferd befindet sich in einer Vorwärtsbewegung, wobei der rechte Vorderhuf erhoben ist. Die Drapierung des Gewandes folgt der Dynamik des Körpers.

Verrocchio löste das statische Gleichgewichtsproblem durch eine gezielte Gewichtsverlagerung. Er verlagerte das Gesamtgewicht auf die hinteren Hufe und einen vierten Standpunkt. Dies ermöglichte die Bewegung ohne äußere Stützen. Die Komposition wirkt dadurch spannungsvoll. Andrew Butterfield beschreibt in The Sculptures of Andrea del Verrocchio (Yale 1997) die plastische Kraft der Modellierung.

Bezug zu Donatellos Gattamelata

Das Reiterstandbild des Colleoni fungiert als bewusste Antwort auf Donatellos Gattamelata in Padua. Die beiden Werke sind die zwei Hauptbeispiele neuzeitlicher Reiterstandbilder vor 1500. Zwischen der Vollendung des Gattamelata und dem Auftrag an Verrocchio liegen 37 Jahre.

Die Unterschiede in der Ausführung sind deutlich. Während Donatello eine eher ruhige Pose wählte, ist die Bewegung bei Verrocchio dynamischer. Der Reiter wirkt expressiver. Das Pferd in der Colleoni-Skulptur schreitet, ohne dass eine Kugelstütze zur Stabilisierung notwendig ist. Volker Krahn (Hg.) führt in Von allen Seiten schön. Bronzen der Renaissance (Berlin 1995) die technische Entwicklung der Reiterplastik anhand dieser beiden Referenzwerke aus.

Heutiger Standort und Restaurierung

Das Denkmal steht auf dem Campo San Giovanni e Paolo in Venedig. Die Position dient als eindeutiger Stadtraum-Akzent. Die Skulptur ist dem öffentlichen Raum direkt ausgesetzt.

Eine umfangreiche Restaurierung fand im Zeitraum von 1972 bis 1977 statt. Die Werkstatt Liana Manucci in Venedig leitete die Arbeiten. Das Team reinigte die Patina der Bronze. Zudem erfolgte eine Stabilisierung der Sockelverankerung, um den Schutz gegen das Stadthochwasser zu gewährleisten.

Abbildungen

  • Skulptur, Hauptansicht
    Bartolomeo Colleoni by Andrea del Verrocchio, <a href="//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User:Archaeodontosaurus" title="User:Archaeodontosaurus">Didier Descouens</a>, Taken on 1 November 2016. Wikimedia Commons. Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 4.0.
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    Bartolomeo Colleoni di Andrea Verrocchio laterale, <table class="toccolours" style="width:100%; margin-top:10px;" cellpadding="2"> <tbody><tr class="plainlinks"> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Emblem-camera.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Emblem-camera.svg/40px-Emblem-camera.svg.png?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&amp;utm_campaign=parser&amp;utm_content=thumbnail" decoding="async" width="25" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Emblem-camera.svg/60px-Emblem-camera.svg.png?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&amp;utm_campaign=parser&amp;utm_content=thumbnail 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64"></a></span> <a href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/70/Bartolomeo_Colleoni_di_Andrea_Verrocchio_laterale.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&amp;utm_campaign=api&amp;utm_content=original" class="internal" title="Bartolomeo Colleoni di Andrea Verrocchio laterale.jpg">This Photo</a> was taken by <i><b><a href="//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User:Moroder" title="User:Moroder">Wolfgang Moroder</a></b></i>. <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:User_with_smile.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/User_with_smile.svg/40px-User_with_smile.svg.png?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&amp;utm_campaign=parser&amp;utm_content=thumbnail" decoding="async" width="25" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/User_with_smile.svg/60px-User_with_smile.svg.png?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&amp;utm_campaign=parser&amp;utm_content=thumbnail 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128"></a></span> </td> <td align="right">Feel free to use my photos, but please mention me as the author and send me a <a class="external text" data-mw-original-href="http://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Moroder&amp;action=edit&amp;section=new" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Moroder&amp;action=edit&amp;section=new">message</a>. <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Crystal_128_mail.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Crystal_128_mail.png/40px-Crystal_128_mail.png?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&amp;utm_campaign=parser&amp;utm_content=thumbnail" decoding="async" width="25" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Crystal_128_mail.png/60px-Crystal_128_mail.png?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&amp;utm_campaign=parser&amp;utm_content=thumbnail 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128"></a></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div style="clear:both; border:2px solid #cc0000; background-color:#f7f7f7; margin-top:6px;"> <table><tbody><tr><td style="padding:4px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Control_copyright_icon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Control_copyright_icon.svg/120px-Control_copyright_icon.svg.png?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&amp;utm_campaign=parser&amp;utm_content=thumbnail" decoding="async" width="64" height="61" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Control_copyright_icon.svg/250px-Control_copyright_icon.svg.png?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&amp;utm_campaign=parser&amp;utm_content=thumbnail 2x" data-file-width="171" data-file-height="163"></a></span> </td><td style="padding:4px;"><div style="margin-top:0.5em;">This image is <b>not in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_domain" class="extiw" title="en:Public domain">public domain</a></b>. 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The author would like to make corrections only at his own source. This ensures that the changes are preserved.<br>Please if you think that any changes should be required, please inform the author.<br>Otherwise you can upload a new image with a new name. Please use one of the templates <a href="//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Template:Derived_from" title="Template:Derived from">derivative</a> or <a href="//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Template:Extracted_from" title="Template:Extracted from">extract</a>.</div> </td></tr></tbody></table></div>, 2010-07-31. Wikimedia Commons. Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 3.0.
  • Skulptur, Hauptansicht
    Bartolomeo Colleoni di Andrea Verrocchio laterale sinistra, <table class="toccolours" style="width:100%; margin-top:10px;" cellpadding="2"> <tbody><tr class="plainlinks"> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Emblem-camera.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Emblem-camera.svg/40px-Emblem-camera.svg.png?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&amp;utm_campaign=parser&amp;utm_content=thumbnail" decoding="async" width="25" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Emblem-camera.svg/60px-Emblem-camera.svg.png?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&amp;utm_campaign=parser&amp;utm_content=thumbnail 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64"></a></span> <a href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e2/Bartolomeo_Colleoni_di_Andrea_Verrocchio_laterale_sinistra.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&amp;utm_campaign=index&amp;utm_content=original" class="internal" title="Bartolomeo Colleoni di Andrea Verrocchio laterale sinistra.jpg">This Photo</a> was taken by <i><b><a href="//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User:Moroder" title="User:Moroder">Wolfgang Moroder</a></b></i>. <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:User_with_smile.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/User_with_smile.svg/40px-User_with_smile.svg.png?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&amp;utm_campaign=parser&amp;utm_content=thumbnail" decoding="async" width="25" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/User_with_smile.svg/60px-User_with_smile.svg.png?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&amp;utm_campaign=parser&amp;utm_content=thumbnail 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128"></a></span> </td> <td align="right">Feel free to use my photos, but please mention me as the author and send me a <a class="external text" data-mw-original-href="http://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Moroder&amp;action=edit&amp;section=new" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Moroder&amp;action=edit&amp;section=new">message</a>. <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Crystal_128_mail.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Crystal_128_mail.png/40px-Crystal_128_mail.png?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&amp;utm_campaign=parser&amp;utm_content=thumbnail" decoding="async" width="25" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Crystal_128_mail.png/60px-Crystal_128_mail.png?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&amp;utm_campaign=parser&amp;utm_content=thumbnail 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128"></a></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div style="clear:both; border:2px solid #cc0000; background-color:#f7f7f7; margin-top:6px;"> <table><tbody><tr><td style="padding:4px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Control_copyright_icon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Control_copyright_icon.svg/120px-Control_copyright_icon.svg.png?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&amp;utm_campaign=parser&amp;utm_content=thumbnail" decoding="async" width="64" height="61" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Control_copyright_icon.svg/250px-Control_copyright_icon.svg.png?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&amp;utm_campaign=parser&amp;utm_content=thumbnail 2x" data-file-width="171" data-file-height="163"></a></span> </td><td style="padding:4px;"><div style="margin-top:0.5em;">This image is <b>not in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_domain" class="extiw" title="en:Public domain">public domain</a></b>. Please respect the copyright protection. It may only be used according to the rules mentioned here. This specifically <b>excludes use in social media</b>, if applicable terms of the licenses listed here not appropriate.</div> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div style="clear:both; border:2px solid #00cc00; background-color:#f7f7f7; margin-top:6px;"> <table><tbody><tr><td style="padding:4px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Upload-problem2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Upload-problem2.svg/120px-Upload-problem2.svg.png?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&amp;utm_campaign=parser&amp;utm_content=thumbnail" decoding="async" width="64" height="57" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Upload-problem2.svg/250px-Upload-problem2.svg.png?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&amp;utm_campaign=parser&amp;utm_content=thumbnail 2x" data-file-width="159" data-file-height="142"></a></span> </td><td style="padding:4px;"><div style="margin-top:0.5em;">Please do not upload an updated image here without consultation with the Author. The author would like to make corrections only at his own source. This ensures that the changes are preserved.<br>Please if you think that any changes should be required, please inform the author.<br>Otherwise you can upload a new image with a new name. Please use one of the templates <a href="//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Template:Derived_from" title="Template:Derived from">derivative</a> or <a href="//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Template:Extracted_from" title="Template:Extracted from">extract</a>.</div> </td></tr></tbody></table></div>, 2010-07-31. Wikimedia Commons. Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 3.0.
  • Skulptur, Hauptansicht
    Bartolomeo Colleoni estatua, <a href="//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User:Windwhistler" title="User:Windwhistler">Windwhistler</a>, 2008-03-30 12:17. Wikimedia Commons. Wikimedia Commons, CC BY 3.0.

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